Building a deck is a big project that requires planning and permitting. Local bylaws and codes should be reviewed before starting to learn what is required to build your deck.
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The structural components of a deck are the foundation, footings, beams and joists. A well-constructed and maintained structure will last longer and be safer for people using the deck. The foundation, or footings, are concrete pillars that anchor the frame of your deck. They are the key to preventing heaving and shifting of the entire deck, especially in cold climates. Footings should be poured deep enough to extend below the frost line, which varies by region.
The ledger board, a horizontal piece that connects the deck to the house, is also a vital component. A faulty ledger board can lead to the deck pulling away from the house, which is dangerous and can damage the structural integrity of the home. To prevent this from happening, you should hire a professional to inspect the ledger board and ensure it is properly attached.
Beams, also known as girders, are the horizontal supports that run under and perpendicular to the deck joists. They are critical to the stability of a deck and should be pressure-treated to protect against rot and insect infestation.
Stair stringers, which are long diagonal pieces of framing that support stair treads, should be constructed from treated lumber to withstand the weight of people walking on them. Stair risers, which cover the vertical spaces between stairway treads, should also be made from treated lumber to prevent moisture damage.
A deck railing system enhances safety and aesthetic appeal by adding a handhold for people walking on the deck. The main components of a railing system include the top and bottom rails, posts, post caps and balusters or spindles. The balusters are the smallest vertical elements of the railing and should be spaced no closer than 4 inches apart to provide a safe handhold for people using the deck. To protect the balusters from rotting, it is recommended that you use metal baluster fasteners rather than wood screws or nails. These will help to prevent the metal from coming into contact with water, which can cause rust and damage the wood. This is particularly important for stairways and balconies.
Deck Design
Whether you’re planning a new deck or adding one to an existing home, the design phase is where your dreams meet reality. The design process is a time to consider the deck’s purpose, size and features, as well as site constraints, load calculations and codes. It’s also a chance to create a detailed material and tool list.
A deck adds livable space to your yard and boosts property value. It’s a great place to relax or entertain guests. Erin Kiel, a realtor with Better Homes and Gardens Real Estate Destinations, and Coleman Cosby, project manager at landscape firm Yardzen, say that decks are one of the most popular outdoor structures among their clients. They often feature a large outdoor dining table for eight or more people, a bar and fire pit, and other features that encourage socializing and entertaining.
The deck structure starts with posts, which may be concrete or wood. Next, joists go up. The joists, which are the horizontal framing members, may be made of treated lumber or a more durable composite material. They’re attached to the posts with joist hangers, which are metal fasteners designed for this type of construction. A joist may cantilever past the girder up to 2′, but it must be braced to resist uplift.
Once the joists are in place, a ledger is fastened to them on the house side. The ledger is a board (usually 2x stock) that spans from the joists to the house. It’s also the foundation for the deck. If you’re building a freestanding deck, you may skip the ledger and bolt the joists directly to the house band. If you’re building a deck that attaches to the house, it’s important to know how much weight each joist can bear.
You should then install a post footing on each corner of the deck, as well as in the center of each run. The footings are sized to support the tributary area of the deck. For example, if your deck is 8′ by 10′, each footing should be at least 12″ square.
Permits
If you are planning to build a new deck, you should be aware that your local laws require you to get a permit for the construction. This is a precautionary measure to ensure that the project is carried out properly and in accordance with the regulations set by your city or municipality. It can also protect you from liability in the event of an accident that may occur on your property. The permitting process is also necessary if you plan to sell your home in the future, as mortgage lenders will expect proof of compliance with local building regulations.
The requirements for building a deck differ from one region to the next, but most municipalities will have specific regulations that you must follow. You will need to submit detailed plans of your deck in order to obtain a permit. These plans should be to scale and include details of the dimensions, spacings, and locations of beams, joists, and frost footings. In some cases, you may be required to also submit elevation drawings showing the deck from the front or side of the house. You can use drawing software or hand drawings to create these plans.
Depending on the complexity of your deck, you may need to have it designed by a professional engineer. In some areas, a design professional must be licensed by the state to provide design services.
If you’re not sure if you need to hire a design professional, you can consult with your local building department to find out the requirements for your area. In addition to drafting detailed plans, you will need to submit other documents that support your application. These include a site plan showing the location of your deck, a survey of your property, and copies of any existing structures on the property. You may also be required to contact a utility locating service and have all underground utilities located before construction begins.
The process of obtaining a permit can seem daunting, but it is worth the effort to avoid any potential fines and complications down the road. It’s also important to keep in mind that if you do build your deck without a permit, you will be required to have it brought up to code before selling your home. If not, you could face lawsuits or even be forced to tear down the deck.
Materials
The materials you choose for deck building will greatly impact the look, life span, and maintenance level of your finished product. Traditional wood offers a classic natural aesthetic, while composite and polymer decks combine wood fibers with recycled plastics for long-lasting durability. Aluminum is an unconventional choice that is gaining popularity in Portland because it doesn’t warp or rot, and is perfect for those who are looking to build a modern-looking deck with durable components.
Once you decide on your deck’s material, it’s time to select the rest of the materials required to finish your project. You will need framing lumber to create the skeleton of your deck, and the support beams, or posts, that will hold up the decking surface. The posts and beams must be pressure-treated to protect them from the elements and provide the stability your deck requires. The ground where your deck is installed must also be prepared before the posts are anchored into place. This includes digging down to below the frost line, and adding concrete for reinforcement.
To ensure your deck is built correctly, you’ll need to know how to read a tape measure and understand construction terminology, like “on center” and “plumb”. You’ll also want to learn how to properly install floor joists, which can help keep your deck stable and prevent warping over time.
In addition to learning how to use tools like a tape measure and a level, it’s important to get familiar with the decking materials available so you can choose which one will best suit your lifestyle and climate. For example, some wood types can be prone to staining from oil or grease, which is an issue you may want to consider if you’re planning on hosting large parties on your deck.
Alternatively, you can opt for more low-maintenance decking options, such as bamboo, which is rapidly gaining popularity because it’s sustainable and comes with a 20 year warranty. You’ll also want to explore alternative decking materials such as aluminum and stone, which are becoming more common as the market expands to include modern materials that are both durable and visually appealing.
